Analysis of Bandura’s cognitive theory Essay

Introduction The study of human behavior or behaviorism focuses on attributes of humanity that are discernible, measurable and which can be manipulated. The emphasis of behaviorism is on experimental methods and avoids attributes that are subjective, internal or unavailable. The experimental method involves the manipulation of one variable and measurement of its effect on another variable. It is from the study of variable and effects that a Canadian psychologist, Albert Bandura found the cognitive theory (or social cognitive theory) (Bandura, 2006). Bandura for instance observed aggressive behavior in adolescents and opined that the aggressiveness is caused by the environment in which the adolescents grow. On the other hand, he also realized that behavior causes an environment as well. Thus, since behavior and environment are causes and effects of each other, Bandura referred to the concept as reciprocal determinism (Bandura1986). In short, Bandura’s theory was based on the fact that the world and a person’s character (behavior) affect each other (Bandura, 1986). While it would appear that the environment was the cause of behavior and personality, Bandura also realized that personality is an interaction of a person’s psychological responses in relation to the environment (Bandura, 2006). The psychological processes consist of the human being’s ability to entertain different images and languages. Thus, the cognitive theory is built on two essential principles. The first one is a framework for explaining how different personalities function, whereas the other one addresses the type of variables (that is the elements of analysis) on which the personality theory should be centred (Bandura, 2006). In analysis of the influence of reciprocal determinism, Bandura categorically uses the word â€Å"determinism† to imply the aspect in which effects are produced by events (Bandura, 2006). However, this opinion does not mean that a human being’s actions arise from straightforward and predictable chains of cause and consequence. Rather, it implies that events produce effects by chance. As a result, the probability or chance of an event producing an effect is emphasized in Bandura’s cognitive theory (Bandura, 2006). Perhaps the most significant aspect of Bandura’s theory is the way in which the theory treats behavior. Unlike many other theoretical frameworks, this theory has equal action on both the input of the personality and the output of personality (Bandura, 1986). In essence, Bandura’s opinion is that a person’s actions and the resultant effects shape the person’s aptitude, feelings and belief in one self (Bandura, 2006). For example, many behaviorist theories depict scant curiosity in self-process because the theorists assume that human functioning is caused by external stimulus rather than the internal stimulus which is only considered as transmitting rather than causing behavior (Bandura, 1986). This paper critically evaluates the notable features of Bandura’s cognitive theory and discusses in detail the viewpoint of the Bandura at the time of formulation of the theory and the theory’s subsequent modification. The paper will also appraise the strengths and weaknesses of the theory based on the discussion. Analysis of the salient features of Bandura’s cognitive theory The most notable feature of Bandura’s social cognitive theory is the concept of reciprocal determinism (Bandura, 1986). Reciprocal determinism is a phenomenon that implies the causes and effects of different actions on behavior and environment and how they affect each other. Thus, Bandura’s theory was based on the point that personal factors in the form of cognition, biological events and affect, behavior and environmental factors create interfaces that result in a triadic reciprocality as illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: The foundation of Bandura’s (1986) concept of the social cognitive theory. Source: Created from the description by Bandura (2006) Bandura modified the label of his theory from the common perspective of social learning to social cognitive in order to distance it from the common social learning theories of his time (Bandura, 1986). He also wanted to lay emphasis on the idea that cognition plays a significant role in people’s capability to construct reality, regulate their personality, encode information and display other kinds of behavior. According to Bandura (1971), the reciprocal form of the determinants of individual human functioning in social cognitive theory enables services such as therapeutic and counseling efforts to be rendered with focus on personal environment or behavioral factors as illustrated in the diagram above. Based on this, strategies to improve a person’s well-being can be aimed at ameliorating the emotional, cognitive and motivational process of the human being (Bandura, 1986). The focus can also be on improving behavioral capabilities or changing the communal conditions under which people live and work. As an example, teachers in schools have a role to not only improve their students’ academic learning and confidence, but also boost their (students’) self-beliefs and habits of thinking. Hence, teachers and students have to embrace all the components of Bandura’s triadic expression of cognitive theory. As earlier mentioned, Bandura’s social cognitive theory sets itself aside from other theories that overemphasize the role played by environmental factors in the development of human behavior (Bandura, 1986; Bandura, 2006). These theories are often dismissed since they have the redundant factor of cause and effect that is unworthy in the context of evaluating the psychological aspect of human beings. Thus according to Bandura, psychology per se without a clear self-examination cannot purport to explain the complexities of human intricacies of human functioning. Bandura (1986) further noted it is by evaluating their own conscious minds that people discern their own psychological processes. Therefore, in order to predict how the human behavior is affected by environmental outcomes, it is imperative that the individual’s cognitive process and how he or she interprets the outcomes be understood.

Higher education Essay

A committee to look into the functioning of Bangalore University has suggested splitting university into five different universities, Bangalore South, North, East, West and Central. The expert committee consisting of Manipal Global Education Chairman T V Mohandas Pai, former vice-chancellors Dr N Rudraiah, Prof N R Shetty, educationists R Natarajan, KRS Murthy, K Narahari and the principal of University Visveswaraya College of Engineering (UVCE), Dr K R Venugopal, who is also the special officer has submitted its report to the Karnataka government. Reportedly, the report makes three major recommendations — to split Bangalore University into five, to upgrade UVCE as a centre of excellence on par with Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) and Bangalore University to focus only on research and development. Prof N R Shetty, former VC of Bangalore University, who was on the committee said, â€Å"Considering the huge number of colleges affiliated to Bangalore University and the availability of funds through Rashtriya Ucchathar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) for creation of new universities, we have recommended that five, including Bangalore University, be carved out of the existing university.† As per the report, BU has 614 affiliated colleges and, under the RUSA scheme, there is an option for states to create one university with 100 colleges. â€Å"As far as funds are concerned, it will not be a burden on the State government since the RUSA scheme proposed by MHRD will provide funds for the newly created universities based on the quality of education,† Shetty said.â€Å" There is a need to improve research and technology under Bangalore University. With such a high number of affiliated colleges, it won’t be possible to concentrate on research activities,† he added, reported New Indian Express.

Causes of Financial Globalisation and Its Consequences on Developing Essay

Causes of Financial Globalisation and Its Consequences on Developing Countries - Essay Example According to Sergio (2004), in the last one hundred years, only a few countries and sectors participated in financial globalization by which capital flows tended to follow migration and was generally directed toward supporting trade flows. Capital flows took the form of bonds, and the flows were of a long-term nature. International investment was dominated by a small number of freestanding companies, and financial intermediation was concentrated in a few family groups. The international system was dominated by the gold standard, in which gold was used to backed national currencies. The turn around things came at the heals of the effects of the first world war and the great depression that saw governments reversed their position on financial globalization, and were now imposing capital controls in order to regain monetary policy autonomy with the 1950s and 1960s witnessing the lowest capital flows. This all happened because the Bretton Woods had dominated the international system and used a system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates, limited capital mobility, and autonomous monetary policies that seriously affected the developing counties. But the developing countries saw the light of day when the 1973 oil crisis shock the international community and at that time, the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates break down giving the leeway for international banks with fresh funds to invest in developing countries mainly in the areas of financing public debt in the form of syndicated loans. Developing countries at that time were able to open up new avenues for capital mobility while at the same time maintaining their autonomous monetary systems.

Rhetoric Analysis of a Music News Website Essay

Rhetoric Analysis of a Music News Website - Essay Example In order to understand why this target audience continues such criminal activity, their assumptions about the record industry must be examined. Music United is one website that analyzes and addresses these assumptions. A coalition group of many different organizations committed against online music piracy, Music United strives not only to disprove college students' assumptions about the record industry, but also to persuade college students to abide by the law when obtaining music. In order to accomplish these goals, the Music United site utilizes textual and technical features to establish a direct communication with its targeted audience of college students. These features are functions of appeals to guilt, fear, empathy, and the law that are embedded within the content and the purpose of the site. College students view the internet as a place of public freedom, where people can come and go, sharing their ideas, pictures, and pages along the way. A basic knowledge of web designing is all that is needed to post material on the internet for the world to see. Over time, users view the internet as a "marketplace" where everyone is entitled to every page, picture, and idea posted. College students adopt this kind of public-sharing sentiment when they download mp3s without paying. ... ree for the taking in much the same way reading a newspaper article online is free (as opposed to paying $0.50 to read the same article on a hard copy). Music United disagrees with this "free for all" spirit of college students who participate in the sharing and downloading of illegal mp3 files. Not everything on the internet is for free, certainly not music. This is one of the college students' assumptions the site refutes. Music United accomplishes this goal through the use specially designed text-graphics, which appeal to guilt and fear. The home page provides an example of these text-graphics. Although they may look like regular text, these special headers and key quotations are actual graphics (clicking on them reveals they are gif files) that were most likely created in some photo editing program like Paint Shop Pro. The combination of red and white colors functions the same way a "stop" sign functions: it awakens the senses by signaling a warning. When college students see this graphic, the colors indicate that something of greater importance is being said here, as opposed to the regular black-colored text found throughout the site. The colors catch their eyes, compelling them to read the text. The font type is different and larger from the standard Verdana text found throughout the site, further emphasizing the importance of the message. The capitalization of the number ("2.6 million") and the cr ime ("illegally downloaded") not only stresses the importance of the text, but also accentuates the guilt the phrases elicit from its audience. When college students who engage in illegal mp3 trading read the text, they are struck with guilt. They immediately identify themselves as illegal downloader's who partake in the distribution of those 2.6 billion files each

Vendoline Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Vendoline Company - Case Study Example The management of the organization has invested in excellent service delivery and innovation in meeting the consumer demands. The company is located in Turkey and has a national and international presence in sections of Middle East and Europe. The company is valued at $393, 338. It has a traffic rank of over 500,000 in Europe. As a service provider, Vendoline Company has determined what the consumers expect. The top level management has been investing in real-time access of customers to information like prices and terms of delivery. My role was to ensure that web hosting management systems were functional and effective. I was coordinating a team of IT experts who were had direct contacts with customers. This enabled me to assess the effectiveness of the organizational management practices and systems in the company. Problem statement How can organizational performance in technology-based organizations be enhanced? Technological companies are faced by the challenge of rapidly changing external environments. The management has focused on external competition and environment and failed to invest in the internal competencies of the organization. This has compromised excellence in service delivery. There is a need to research on the factors that affect quality and organizational performance in technology based organizations.... Modern organizations are directly connected to technological systems that affect their performance and appeal to the clients (Andres, 2001). The company has strategic plans to increase reliance on technological innovations in future. Organizations face resistance to change from employees. Technological organizations must be flexible while implementing models. Globalization is forcing many technological organizations to keep reviewing their strategies (Gouge, 2003). This aims at enhancing the capacity of innovations in a bid to remain relevant and competitive in a technologically driven market (Cameron & Green, 2004). The field of technology is advancing as more efficient and powerful discoveries enter the market. Organizations dealing with technological matters are faced with bigger pressure than the rest (Rapp, 2002). The reason is occasioned by the need to upgrade the technological capabilities and remain competitive. On the converse, the technological companies are faced by the th reat to become obsolete (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). The technological innovations are known to have a profound effect on the market. Organizational leadership must be professional, pro-active and visionary in order to keep the technological momentum and remain market leaders (Gouge, 2003). Technological organizations need strategic leadership and management. The management of technological organizations like Vendoline Company needs to either innovate internal technology that can alter the trends in the market. They can also procure external knowledge or expertise. This can happen through outsources or partnerships of strategic nature (Lennick & Kiel, 2005). Internal innovation for technological companies is preferable

Auditing research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing research paper - Essay Example The digital sales increased by 53% over last year and net earnings increased by 6.9% to $80.4 million. Earnings per share went up by 17%. (GameStop Reports†¦) Due to previously announced planned investments and due to some strategic initiatives the earning per share in second quarter is likely to decline by $0.04 per share. The full year diluted earnings per share is estimated at $2.82 to $2.92 that is a rise of 6.4% to 10.2% over the last year of 2010. That means net earnings will be in the vicinity of $440 million to be up by almost 8-9% in comparison to last year of 2010. (GameStop Reports†¦) On the matter of quality of earnings, It will be pertinent to state that GameStop achieved record sales of $9.47 billion and net earnings of $408 million (up by 8.1%) in the year 2010. The last year’s earnings in the difficult market condition should be considered good as it shows increase in earnings by almost 8%. Net earnings to sales ratio is 4.3% that is also commendable. GameStop could generate $590 million of operating cash flow and reduced debt by $200 million that truly displays the quality of its earnings. (Brightman 2011) In view of the solid earnings performance, BB&T Capital Markets upgraded GameStop from hold to buy ratings with a $32 price target. The main reason for upgrading cited by BB&T is declining competition in the high margin used game market. Overall capital market’s response to the company was quite encouraging last year (Wilcox, 2010). Lazard Capital Market analyst commented stating that this is a notable achievement. He further stated that even assuming slow growth, digital will promise more than 0.5 billion revenue to GameStop in next two years. GameFly is a new entrant in the capital market hence it will take some time to have full-fledged financial data of the company; however, when compared with industry average it is found that GameStop is a low debt company that certainly displays it strength. Even

The Role Of Gender In Team Collaboration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Role Of Gender In Team Collaboration - Essay Example I learned how gendered communication and decision-making can affect the kinds of jobs and wage levels of women and men (Parcheta et al., 2013, p.244). The second proof the case study is awareness of skills needed to handle current workplace challenges. I learned that women should enhance their communication and negotiation skills that are related to their performance (Bear & Woolley, 2011, p.148). They should not be afraid of being aggressive in fighting for equal pay or promotion. The cons of doing the case study are related to examining exceptions to gender stereotypes and social generalizations. The first con of the case study is it does not consider men and women who do not fit in gender stereotypes. Some women are not timid in negotiation processes, while some men are not that aggressive in fighting for higher pay. The case study assumes that men and women, in general, have these gender-stereotyped characteristics, thereby neglecting individual differences. The second con of the case study is it has the tendency to overlook companies that may have benchmarks already when it comes to challenging gender stereotypes and in promoting gender equality in top management positions, high-paying positions, and gender wage. Some companies are making headways in undercutting gender bias and promoting equality across all workplace avenues. One of the actions that can help stop sexual harassment in the workplace is to promote refresher training on sexual harassment using office hours time. Using office/employment time is already a strong signal that the company takes sexual harassment seriously because learning about it is part of paid labor. In addition, refresher courses update employees about sexual harassment reports and their resolutions at work or in the industry, thereby showing that the company does not take harassment reports lightly.

Sex Without Love by Sharon Olds Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sex Without Love by Sharon Olds - Research Paper Example eciation of sex in modern society in its deliberate rejection of warm human to human relationships in favor of the clinical focus of professional athletes obsessed with their performance and physique. The style of the poem is deceptively naturalistic, with no rhymes or stanzas. Some key ideas are presented with alliteration, for example â€Å"wine, wet† (Olds, 1984, line 6) and â€Å"the purists, the pros† (Olds, 1984, line 14). Fourfold repetition of the phrase â€Å"come to the† in lines 9-10, into which the word â€Å"God† is placed, without any proper punctuation, breaks the flow of the otherwise unremarkable syntax, as if to suggest that the the act of making love is some kind of structural anomaly in another wise regular world. This is an example of the â€Å"proud, urgent, human voice† (Poetry Foundation, p. 1) of the poet at work. Some rather graphic bodily similes such as â€Å"faces/red as steak, wine, wet as the children at birth whose mothers are going to/give them away† (Olds, 1984, lines 5-8) break some cultural taboos such as cannibalism and the mothers who neglect their responsibilities. This is an example of what Lewallan calls â€Å"her penchant for imaging the bodies of others as meat, red and raw, as well as her penchant for metaphors of predation.† (Lewallan, 2006, p. 42) There are undertones of violence and neglect in this depiction which contradict prevailing cultural expectations. From all three of these critical perspectives, the sociological, the cultural and the stylistic, Olds presents a re-evaluation of one of the oldest poetic themes in the world: the relationship between love and sex and encourages the reader to view a new, and somewhat shocking paradigm. Lewallan, Walter E. â€Å"The signature poetics of Sharon Olds and John Cage.† Dissertation, University of Florida, 2006. Available online at:

The characters of The Divine Wind Essay Example for Free

The characters of The Divine Wind Essay In the novel The Divine Wind, written by Gary Disher, the characters have to make important choices. With every character in the novel their choices are not always good and in some cases effect other characters in the novel a bad way. Different reasons and circumstances compel different choices. To see whether the choices made where good ones, we need to take a look at each choice specifically. Ida chose to leave her family and husband so she could return back to her homeland where her heart still was. Ida was very unhappy in Broome, and she longed for her life back in England. All throughout the novel there was a visibleline between the differences of Ida, her family and the people of Broome. Ida simply did not fit in. Alice chooses to end her relationship with Carl after she sees his true colours. Carl wants Alice to be moulded into a station wife and Alice does not want to repeat the same mistake as her mother by trying to be changed by a loved one. Also if Alice was to stay with Carl, she wouldnt have been able to fulfil her dream of becoming an army nurse. One of the Consequences of Ida leaving was it had sent Michael in state and his hurt had surfaced. as a result, he decides to take the lugger boat out ealry, despite how bad the weather was. this bad choice of Mikes injured his son and caused the death of his trustworthy head pearler and friend Zeke. Afterwards Michael admitts that he had mad the wrong decision in taking out the lugger boat and he grows a guilty conscience. Hart is forced to make many choices throughout the novel. although some of his choices were not seen as good by the ones that he loves. for example when he dismisses Mitsy and sides with his mother even though he is in love with Mitsy. This was a bad choice as it caused friction between the two. Mitsy then chooses Hart to persue a relationship with which then turns sexual. When Mitsy decides to take her mother and leave from the Penroses housefor them to be interned this also causes heat between Mitsy and Hart. Although looking forward into the future its what could have saved Mitsy and Harts friendship. The characters in the Divine Wind are forced to make important decisions. Their choices shape theie lives and also have an influence on the lives around them. Often these choices that the characters make are later redemmed by actions.

Community Service Project Essay Example for Free

Community Service Project Essay In order to graduate some people feel as if teens should have a community service project. Should they have a community service project? As like many things doing a community service project can have some good things to it like for instince helping others at free will with no money or keeping teens out of trouble. But we have found more bad reasons to this rather than fiinding good ones. Here are some of these reasons, like many people in this world most teens do not have transportation and not havinig transportation is a bad thing it could result in people not getting what they need to get done. Think if teens do not have transportation how will they be able to do their community service project? Some more supporting reasons on why we should not have a community service project is what if the teens have a job that they have to go to as soon as they get out of school? Most teens are out here working and may not be able to fit this time consuming project in to their schedule so therefor it would be very stressful for them because they would not be able to get it done and they would probably fail which would not be good because most teens have plans for college and what about supervision during this project will the students be supervised? Who would watch the teens and acually make sure they actually do their community service project instead of faking it. We would end up needing some people from the school to make sure that they actually did their project instead of faking it and what about safety issues? Some one could get hurt doing their project and no one would know it unless we had them supervised. Which is another reason of why doing this community service project would be a bad idea. Sometimes people also get very sick and can not move around that well. If someone is sick they will not feel like doing much moving around. So how would they do their community service project if their really bad off they would not be able to. Most teens also would not want to do this project because it is time consuming and would take time off of their own time and they would not be able to spend time with their family like they hope to do on the weekends that their off of school. A lot of teens out here have health issues going on or some problems in life that they may be facing so it would definitly be very stressing if they could not get it done. Also what about the school would they be willing to do the project during school they probably would not be able to fit this in their schedule. In my personal opinion I think that this would not be a good idea because there is way too many bad reasons rather than good reasons for this community service project and people would have a lot of issues getting it done and it would make it very hard and stressful on them. So should teens have a community service project? No because there is to much bad ideas on this project.

Study of Organizational Culture and the Indian Army

Study of Organizational Culture and the Indian Army THE INDIAN ARMY is the land based branch and the largest component of the Indian Armed Forces. It came into being in 1947 when India gained independence, and inherited most of the infrastructure of the British Indian Army that was located in post-partition India. It is a voluntary service and though there is a provision for military conscription in the Indian constitution, it has never been imposed. The Indian Army is the worlds second-largest standing army whose primary mission is to ensure the national security and defense of the Republic of India from external aggression and threats and maintaining peace and security within its borders. It also conducts humanitarian rescue operations during natural calamities and other disturbances. The President of India serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Army. CULTURE is comprised by the customs, heritage and achievements of a particular segment of society. Organizational culture is the psychology, attitudes, experiences, beliefs and values of an organization and its employees. In this case, we talk about the army. As an organization, its culture is the sum total of the activities and ideas shared by this group of people with its common requirements, customs, laws and traditions. These are percolated across the Army by the thoughts and feelings of the people concerned and are reinforced by actions of individuals and sub-groups to present a whole picture of a common and shared perception of a uniform blend of ideals working and striving towards the achievement of a common goal. By ultimately working in accordance with and in response to a single will, political and military they attain the objectives laid down for them in peace, and particularly during operations in war. This is how the Army is designed and it is mandatory that this design is followed in the best manner possible for maintaining and preserving the solidarity and cohesion of the force and its professional competence. The two epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata constitute the framework on which the edifice of Army is built. The elements of culture have been imbibed a lot from these two epics. Even in the Indian army just like Mahabharata, the good of the nation is put first rather than the individual. In terms of power distribution just like the Ramayana the Indian Army is a well structured organisation. There is a central authority of power which releases orders, the people at various levels follow orders from the superior and respect them at the same time. There are clear cut guidelines for each and every army personnel to follow and deviations from the same are not appreciated in the Institute. Army as an institute lays special emphasis on attention to details as they need to be sure of everything before going out for war. The armed personnel have both facets in their personality they are aggressive when required and can be stable when required. The Indian army has people orientation also as part of its culture. It believes more than the artillery the men are their biggest strength. They have proper training facilities to inculcate them into the culture of the Indian Army. To further understand the culture of the Indian Army we interviewed three Army personnel. The following is a gist of the three interviews What are key facets of Culture of the Indian Army? The key facets of Indian Army include a sense of bonding, they are a unit which is closely knit, an extremely disciplined bunch of people with high levels of motivation. They have high respect for what they do and their peer group. In practise, a lot of times the Indian Army does not receive its promised share of returns and hence the general moral of the troops takes a dip. This can be attributed to bureaucratic interference. How does the organisation structure impact culture? The organisation structure helps them integrate with the culture, since it clearly defines roles of individuals. At the same time it also brings in a sense of respect towards their seniors. How do the forces men get to know about the culture of Indian Army when they are recruited? Culture is imbibed in the men right from the days of training. It is a rigorous training method followed at the IMA/NDA/OTA to train these bright young individuals to become men of the Indian army. During the training period through their interactions with seniors the recruits learn more than the functionalities of the Indian Army. They say it is one the best ways in which culture is imbibed in the minds of these young individuals. What is sought after in Indian Army the larger Interest or Individual requests? Its the interest of the nation that is the most important thing for any of the armed forces men. He puts the nation before everything in his life. How clearly are roles defined in the Indian Army? Roles are very clearly defined in the Indian Army. A hierarchy structure is in place. The posting of individuals happens on the basis of role requirement and then finding the best fit. Does culture also evolve and is there scope for new traditions? Indian army is an institute which believes in continuous development for the better, at the same it believes in maintaining its rich heritage. In a nutshell it amalgamates the old and new and ensures the best is created. But it likes to hold on to its past a lot. Any knowledge of cross culture impact of the people as they come from various backgrounds? It is probably the best example to understand homogeneity in heterogeneity. The backgrounds which people come from are diverse but at the same time at the centre of their diversity is unity which binds them to guard their nations boundaries. Due to varied backgrounds, individuals learn to appreciate others and also at the same time learn to celebrate differences. How important is detailing as a facet of culture in the Indian Army? The most important facet of Indian Armys culture is detailing. One cannot go to battle field without knowing every detail of war. Special emphasis is laid on detailing right from the training period of each and every personnel. An eye for detailing is extremely important as well as highly appreciated in the Indian Army. How does the Indian army communicate its culture to the outside world? Each army personnel is the brand ambassador of the Indian army. He/She is role model for todays youth and carries himself accordingly. Besides Indian army leads by example in every aspect it gets itself involved in. But in totality the army is a very closed organisation and not appreciative unwarranted interaction with the outside world. How do you deal with someone who does not follow the culture of Indian Army? For somebody who is not in line with the culture, they are various stages of ensuring that the person is brought in line with the culture like warnings and annual reports. But if all the options dont work out then Court Marshall is also an option which is exercised where the armed personnel is made to forfeit his position and honour associated with it. FUNCTIONAL AND DYSFUNCTIONAL ASPECTS The mission statement of the Indian Army is not a very clearly defined one. On a broader perspective the Indian Army stands for the following ideology: The Indian Army doctrine defines it as The Indian Army is the land component of the Indian Armed Forces which exist to uphold the ideals of the Constitution of India. As a major component of national power, along with the Indian Navy and the Indian Air Force, the roles of the Indian Army are as follows: Primary: Preserve national interests and safeguard sovereignty, territorial integrity and unity of India against any external threats by deterrence or by waging war. Secondary: Assist Government agencies to cope with proxy war and other internal threats and provide aid to civil authority when requisitioned for the purpose. Following is the tabulation of the functional and dysfunctional aspects of the Indian Army: Functional Aspects Dysfunctional Aspects It is a highly integrated organization Interference by the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy tries to influence decision making and hence some decisions tend to go haywire, creating confusions for the people around. The motivational levels of the personnel of the Armed Forces are extremely high which is needed for the job profile that they have. Red Tapism. There is a lot of lethargy in some departments to get the things to action. This is quite unacceptable for an institution like the Indian Army. There is immense respect for an individual as well as for the team spirit. Distributed decision making. This causes some crucial decisions to be delayed. The organization has an excellent training programme, which grooms the complete personality of an individual instead of focussing on one aspect. Budget allocations are not defined within the Organization. Hence, the allocation is not even sometimes. They have extremely high standards for selection to the Indian Army, and despite a manpower crunch they have decided not to lower the selection criterion. Indian Army needs to attract the correct talent, which currently it is unable to do. This can be attributed to the lack of proper and correct information to the youth. Very good quality of life for the people who are a part of the Indian Army. Lobbying for promotions. At the senior level, there is a lot of push and pull for getting the coveted positions. This creates an unhealthy environment in the organization. Indian Army ensure a good post retirement life. Low incentive remunerations. Anomalies in the pay structure for the armed forces are a common occurrence. Indian Army provides opportunities to experience various cultures and live in various places as a part of their tenures. ACTION PLAN Based on the derived dysfunctional aspects, we can note that the discrepancies occur on two fronts: External influences Internal functions The issues caused by external influences include: Interference by the bureaucracy The Army should set such high standards that its perceived image is one where it only serves its mission and cannot be influenced. This image will deter all kinds of informal requests and interferences. This can be done by giving more autonomy to the forces in the framework of the organizations serving the country. The issues caused by internal functions include: Red tapism The Army witnesses excessive regulation and rigid conformity to formal rules that at times prevents swift action or decision-making. The organization should allow for flexibility in structure of actions and decision making. Also, it can include cutting of red tape as a policy promise. Hierarchical decision making Orders issued by Army personnel are of critical importance, and thus the decisions to these orders need to be taken on time without any delays. This can be done by empowering officials at different levels so that decisions can be immediately taken and there arises no need to wait for sanctions from the top order when it is urgent. Uneven budget allocations Studying and understanding of every departments needs, will help carry out equal and effective budget distributions. This will ensure availability of all needed resources to all departments. Poor perceived image The armys current image is unable to attract attention of the youth for new recruits. This can be fixed by better communication and public relations exercise. Lobbying for promotions It is crucial for every organization to ensure that there are no unethical practises taking place. To prevent any lobbying for promotions, the Army should give due appraisals based on merit at the right time. It should also devise a protective mechanism for all those who report these unethical practises; this will help report all such malpractices. Unequal remuneration compared to other Government Organizations This brings about lack of motivation in the Army officials. The Government must ensure that the relative appraisals in all its organizations are at par. Acknowledgement We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Shubhra Gaur for giving us this opportunity to conduct research on the Indian Army and its Culture and to study the various functional and dysfunctional aspects associated with this organization. We would also like to thank Maj.Gen.(Retd) D.V. Kalra, VSM for helping us understand the culture and working style of the Indian Army..

Progressivism :: Teaching Education Essays

Progressivism Progressivists believe that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives. Therefore, the curriculum should be centered around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students. Teachers should plan lessons that arouse curiosity and push the students to a higher level of knowledge. In addition to reading textbooks, the students must learn by doing. Students should often leave the classroom for fieldtrips during which they interact with nature or society. Teachers should also stimulate the students' interests through thought-provoking games. Students should be encouraged to interact with one another and to develop social virtues such as cooperation and tolerance for different points of view. Also, teachers should feel no compulsion to focus their students' attentions on one discrete discipline at a time, and students may be responsible for learning lessons that combine several different subjects. Progressivists emphasize in their curriculum the study of the natural and social sciences. They believe that teachers should expose students to many new scientific, technological, and social developments, reflecting their notion that progress and change are fundamental. Students should also be exposed to a more democratic curriculum that recognizes accomplishments of women and minorities as well as white males. In addition, students should solve problems in the classroom similar to those they will encounter outside of the schoolhouse; they will learn to be flexible problem solvers. Progressivists believe that education should be a perpetually enriching process of ongoing growth, not merely a preparation for adult lives. They also deny the essentialist belief that the study of traditional subject matter is appropriate for all students, regardless of interest and personal experience.

The Peregrine Falcon :: essays research papers

The Peregrine Falcon The peregrine falcon belongs to a group of birds called the Falconiformes. This group includes vultures, kites, hawks, eagles, and falcons. Other than vultures, all of these birds hunt and kill other animals for food. Falconiformes are equipped with hooked beaks and strong talons, making them excellent predators. All Falconiformes are daytime hunters. The peregrine falcon is the best-known of the fifty-eight birds in the falcon family. The word Peregrine comes from a word that means, "one who wanders." This falcon has definitely earned its name. For example, some of Canada's tundra peregrines fly to Brazil each winter. Peregrine falcons are found in every single part of the world except Antarctica. They were once trained by kings to hunt and bring back kills. This sport, called Falconry, is still popular. However, in the 1960s the American falcon came close to extinction. Most of the damage was done by poisons that farmers used to kill insects. The worst poison was DDT. By the time naturalists learned of DDT's effect on wildlife, it was almost too late. The American peregrine's scientific name is Falco peregrinus anatum. At one time, people called this falcon a duck hawk. That was a poor name, since falcons aren't hawks and they rarely kill ducks. The American peregrine was once found all across the eastern United States and southern Canada. In the west, the species was found from Mexico to California. DDT poisoning hit this subspecies the hardest. Even today, naturalists are still working hard to save the American peregrine from extinction. The smaller tundra peregrine (Falco peregrinus tundrius) lives farther north. Tundra peregrines range across the treeless regions of Alaska and Canada. They are also found in Greenland. Peale's peregrine (Falco peregrinus pealei) is the third North American subspecies. This western bird ranges from Oregon northward to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Peale's peregrine is the largest of the three subspecies. The tundra and Peale's peregrines have escaped the worst effects of DDT poisoning. Most peregrines are slate blue on the back and wings. The top of its head is black. Black feathers around the eyes reduce glare and improve the bird's vision. The white underside of a Peregrine's wings, tail, and chest show more bands of dark feathers. A peregrine falcon is a medium-sized bird about the size of a crow. Female peregrines are larger and heavier than the males. An average female (called a falcon) weighs a little over two pounds. The female is eighteen inches in length from beak to square tail. Her long,

Internship at malaysiaairlines Essay

As a part of requirement of Bachelor in Accountancy Programme, an internship training programme for six months is mandatory for every student in 7th semester. Therefore, it is necessary for me to complete my internship session in any company which offers relevant job scope and experience to my area and specialization. Previously, I had experienced working in an audit firm and now, I chose to be working in industrial and commercial sector in order for me to experience a new working environment. Hence, that is the reason why I decided to undergo my internship programme with Malaysia Airlines. I began my internship programme on 1st February 2013 with MAS and it ends on 31st July 2013. During that time, I was attached to Accounts Payable Department, 4th Floor, Admin 2 Building, MAS Complex A, SAAS Airport, 47200 Subang, Selangor. The department is headed by Cheah Paik Un and the Manager of the department is Pn. Nik Azlina Bt Nik Yusoff. I was put under the supervision of Nurul Izzati Bt Noordin and my immediate supervisor was Azizah Bt Azmi. 2.0 MALAYSIA AIRLINES (MAS). 2.1 Company Overview Malaysia Airlines (MAS), formerly known as Malaysian Airline System Berhad was found in the year of 1947. It is a Malaysian-based company engaged in the business of air transportation and the provision of related services. Basically, it operates in two segments. The first segment is airline operations, which engaged in the operation of aircraft for passenger and the second segment is cargo services which related to the operation of aircraft for cargo and mail services. In addition, MAS’s other business segment also includes catering, engineering, computerized reservation services, trucking and warehousing services, retailing of goods, terminal charges and tour and travel related activities. Up to now, MAS has over 20 subsidiaries with 13 of them are fully owned by MAS. Some of the subsidiaries are Abacus Distribution Systems (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd, FlyFirefly Sdn Bhd, MAS Golden  Holidays Sdn Bhd, and many more. Malaysia Airlines has its headquarters and registered office on the third floor of Administration Building A at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Selangor. 3.0 WORK EXPERIENCES. 3.1 Duties and Responsibilities. Since I was attached to the Accounts Payable department, basically my tasks involve the handling of incoming invoices from arrival to post. Usually, I would first classify and sorts the invoices into various categories. Then, after performing invoice verification, I would enter the park invoices and update it using SAP system. After that, the superior may have to check and approve the invoice and if there are no variances, the invoice is posted into the accounting system. Apart from that, I also need to update the manpowers’ time sheet and summary as well as the fuel uplift quantity and buffered flights using the Integrated Fuel Management System (IFMS). Therefore, I can state that I already had a clear picture on how exactly MAS handle their accounts payable. In addition,I am well aware that accounting departments are constantly challenged when it comes to validating the accuracy of invoices, obtaining agreement and sign off for expenditure and taking measures to eliminate double payment occurrences. 3.2 Exposure to the Airline Industry. As a part of exposure to the airline industry, Finance Business Support Department has provided all the practical trainees the Internal Finance Module (Basic Airline Economics) on 26th February 2013. I found it very beneficial to me as I am able to apply my knowledge on costing specifically for airlines industry. I was exposed to different cost classification which MAS applied on its expenditure incurred, for example variable costs can be divided into flight related,traffic related and revenue related. After that, on 4th April and 12th April, I went for a half-day visit to Engineering Hangar and Malaysia Airlines Academy where I had the opportunity to observe how the aircrafts are being maintained, CCTS mock up, flight safety demonstration and so on. 3.3 Achievements. During my training period, I have acquired many new skills and knowledge on accounting mainly for airline industry. First, to me it was a success when I was given the opportunity to learn in depth on what type of expenditure incurred by MAS, and other related issues in the way of settling it. Next, this internship programme has certainly enriched my curriculumvitae (CV) and my interpersonal skills as I was given the chance to interact with most staffs from every different level. This has largely broadened my perspectives on career opportunities available in the accounting profession as they always provide me with good advice on it based on their experiences. Thus, I am able to shape my career goals more clearly and it will surely benefit me in the near future. Lastly, I am more familiar with accounting systems such as SAP and ESKER solutions as well as IFMS which is a system mainly developed for managing fuel. I can confidently use it with ease and I found that these systems really make accounting as one of the most enjoyable fields to deal with. This is because, from what I have observed, since ESKER is being used by Accounts Payable Department on 3rd of June 2013, it helps on reducing the problem related to traditional invoice processing method. Some of the problems linked to traditional method are increase in the chance of error due to multiple sources and paper invoices are also hard to monitor as well as labour intensive. Therefore, ESKER solutions really make paper-free AP a reality and helps in cutting operational and administrative AP costs as the invoice approval workflow is simplified and consolidated. 4.0 RECOMMENDATIONS. I must recommend MAS to create a more structured training programme where supervisors are directed to plan a more comprehensive and organized training schedule for every trainees in order to optimize the training period with significant tasks in developing the trainees’ knowledge and skills rather than focusing on the same task for the whole period. Next, I suggest that Accounts Payable Department should once in a while organize a team building exercise for its staffs in order to bring them closer and I am sure that  this would encourage them to appreciate the importance of team work and able to share personal experiences and ideas. 5.0 CONCLUSION. In conclusion, I can state that my internship at Malaysia Airlines was a rewarding experience. This is because, it provided me with some new perspectives that I did not come across during my studies back at the college and the work experience I gained here was very different compared to the private practice sector due to the specific job scope. Next, I would like to attest both of my supervisors (Nurul Izzati Bt Noordin who was my senior supervisor and Azizah Bt Azmi who was my immediate supervisor) at Accounts Payable Department, MAS for the good job. Above all, working together with them was a true pleasure and theirs faith in my abilities was a real source of motivation. I really appreciate the way I have been guided through this internship programme with MAS, beginning from the opportunity to take the time I needed to refresh and expand my knowledge in several issues concerning every single expenses incurred by MAS and ways to make payment, over a somehow protected period where I could discover and learn to value my new working environment, and finally earned the confidence to deal with assignments myself. Last but not least, I need to stress that all the staffs in this department contributed greatly to making my stay at MAS a very enjoyable one. It is through them that I did enjoy my work every day and I am very grateful for the internship opportunity given by MAS.

Bugatti Veyron Essay

The Bugatti Veyron is a mid-engined car. The Super Sport version is the fastest road-legal production car in the world, with a top speed of 431 km/h. The original version has a top speed of 408.00 km/h. Designed and developed by Volkswagen Group and produced by Bugatti Automobiles SAS at their headquarters in Chà ¢teau Saint Jean in Molsheim (Alsace, France), the Veyron’s chief designer was Hartmut Warkuss, and the exterior was designed by Jozef Kabaň of Volkswagen, And much of the engineering work being conducted under the guidance of Bugatti Engineering chief Wolfgang Schreiber. Though commissioned by Volkswagen, this car is only sold through the Bugatti manufacturers and cannot be found at any Volkswagen dealer. The car is named after French racing driver Pierre Veyron, who won the 24 hours of Le Mans in 1939 while racing for the original Bugatti company. The â€Å"16.4† refers to 16 cylinders and 4 turbochargers. The Veyron features an 8.0 litre, quad-turbocharged, W16 cylinder engine, equivalent to two narrow-angle V8 engines . Each cylinder has four valves for a total of sixty four; the engine is fed by four turbochargers. According to Volkswagen Group, the Veyron engine produces 1,001 metric horsepower of motive power, and generates 1,250 N-m of torque while super sport edition produces 1,200 metric horsepower and torque of 1,500 N ·m and has a revised aerodynamic package. The transmission is a dual-clutch direct-shift gearbox ,computer-controlled ,automatic with seven gear ratios and a shift time of less than 150 milliseconds, built by Ricardo of England. The Veyron can be driven in either semi- or fully automatic mode. A replacement transmission for the Veyron costs just over US$120,000. It also has permanent four wheel drive. It uses special Michelin PAX run-flat tyres, designed specifically to accommodate the Veyron’s top speed, which cost US$25,000 per set. The tyres can be removed from the rims only in France, a service which costs US$70,000 The total engine in actual produces 3600 hp of which only 1/3rd is used for running the car and the remaining is in the form of heat. The Bugatti Veyron has a total of ten radiators. Top speed On 4 July 2010, Bugatti’s official test driver Pierre Henri Raphanel piloted the Super Sport edition and was clocked at an average of 431.072 km/h on the Volkswagen Group’s private Ehra-Lessien test track to establish the car’s top speed With representatives of the Guinness Book of Records on hand taking back the title from the SSC Ultimate Aero TT as the fastest production vehicle. All production models will be electronically limited to 415 km/h to protect the tyres. German inspection officials recorded an average top speed of the EB 16.4 version of 408.47 km/h during test sessions on the Ehra-Lessien test track on 19 April 2005. This top speed was verified by James May on Top Gear in November 2006, again at Volkswagen Group’s private Ehra-Lessien test track. When the car reaches 220 km/h, hydraulics lower the car until it has a ground clearance of about 9 cm (3.5 in). At the same time, the wing and spoiler deploy. In this handling mode the wing provides 3,425 Newton’s of down force, holding the car to the road. For top speed mode the driver must, while at rest, toggle a special top speed key to the left of the driver’s seat called as â€Å" second ignition† to unlock limiter of 350km/h.The rear spoiler retracts and angle of rear wing to horizontal is modified into 2 °, the front air diffusers shut, and normal 12.5 cm (4.9 in) ground clearance(i.e. Height from the ground ) drops to 6.5 cm (2.6 in). The Veyron’s brakes use cross drilled, radially vented carbon fibre reinforced silicon carbide (C/SiC) composite discs, manufactured by SGL Carbon, which have a much greater resistance to brake fade when compared with conventional cast iron discs. Bugatti claims maximum deceleration of 12.747 m/s2 on road tyres. At speeds above 200 km/h , the rear wing also acts as an airbrake, snapping to a 55 ° angle in 0.4 seconds once brakes are applied, providing an additional 6.66 m/s2 of deceleration equivalent to the stopping power of an ordinary hatchback. Bugatti claims the Veyron will brake from 400 km/h to a standstill in less than 10 seconds, though distance covered in this time will be half of a kilometre (third of a mile).

Jinnikins Jeans Formative Assignment Essay

The Assignment will be arranged in a business report format in regards to the evaluation of provided voice level for the staff at Jinnikins Jeans. This report will be in a very brief and efficient frame. The Jinnikins Jeans evaluation will take place by using relevant theories and models that is being covered in the lectures as well as some independent research. This will be in the form of books, journals, and some online sources in order to support the theories. I intend to open this report with clarifying how important it is for employees to have a voice in organization in general as well as stressing the fact that how maintaining a good level of voice within the organization can influence positively for the employees and could lead to growth of the company. The next step would be a brief overview of the Jinnikins Jeans case study and discuss how much they are maintaining the level of voice for employees in their business. Despite the fact that At Jinnikins Jeans the two brothers are making the main decisions, the commitment cycle model has been chosen. Because it allows to assess the impact of employees freedom voice range to the overall company’s success by using its 5 parts in the cycle. The next step of this report will focuses in more details on the motivational aspect of the employees in Jennekins base on the fact that George and Trevor are the only one who is making the decisions at the company by using two different theories as they will allow different ways of evaluation to the topic. This will encompass Hertzberg analysis and Vroom expectancy theory. Vroom expectancy theory has been chosen as it allows to discuss about the requirement of completion of 3 elements of motivational forces in relation to give voice to the employees at jinnikins. The report will argue about the fact how the brothers can understand employees interests when they are not giving enough voice to them in order to relate their interest to their final out come of their performance results and keeping them motivated. The Hertzberg analysis has been chosen as it makes it possible to analyse how the brothers reward method in order to motivate their employees really affect to their motivational level. Furthermore, The report will evaluate how giving the voice to employees in Jinnikins Jeans has effected to the overall performance and their motivation by counting in using Hertzberg theory. Throughout the report, references of academic books will be present. These will include the core and recommended references provided in the module guide. Furthermore, journal article will act as vital point of reference in order to evaluate Jinnikins Jeans in more details. The report will be referenced using Harvard style.

Payroll: Salary and Union Dues O.t.

NOVEMBER 20 PAYROLL Glo-Brite Paint Company Employee List 11/20/– Emp. Employee Soc. Sec. / # Pay G. L. Salary/ No. Name/Address Mar. Stat. Periods Acct. Rate 100 BONNO, Anthony Victor 537-10-3481 26 5417. 5 694 Bristol Avenue Married Philadelphia, PA 19135-0617 W/H 4 110 FERGUSON, James Claude 486-03-8645 26 53 2250. 00 808 Sixth Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19106-0995 W/H 5 120 FORD, Catherine Louise 213-09-4567 26 52 900. 0 18 Dundee Avenue Single Philadelphia, PA 19151-1919 W/H 2 130 MANN, Dewey Wilson 282-37-9352 26 53 1350. 00 3007 Bisque Drive Married Philadelphia, PA 19199-0718 W/H 0 140 O'NEILL, Joseph Tyler 897-04-1534 26 51 2307. 9 2100 Broad Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19121-7189 W/H 3 150 RUSSELL, Virginia Aloise 314-21-6337 26 52 690. 00 8004 Dowling Road Single Philadelphia, PA 19135-9001 W/H 2 160 RYAN, Norman Allen 526-23-1233 26 5418. 0 7300 Harrison Street Married Philadelphia, PA 19124-6699 W/H 4 170 SOKOWSKI, Thomas James 662-04-8832 26 5 4 2050. 00 133 Cornwells Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19171-5718 W/H 2 180 STUDENT 555-55-5555 26 52 7. 0 7018 Erdrick Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19135-8517 W/H 1 190 WILLIAMS, Ruth Virginia 518-30-6741 26 52 1223. 08 9433 State Street Single Philadelphia, PA 19149-0819 W/H 0 Emp. Employee Soc. Sec. / # Pay G. L. Salary/ No. Name/Address Mar. Stat. Periods Acct.Rate 200 WOODS, Beth Anne 724-03-1587 26 52 1200. 00 8102 Franklin Court Single Philadelphia, PA 19105-0915 W/H 1 Glo-Brite Paint Company Payroll Report 11/20/– Current Quarterly Yearly 100-BONNO, Anthony Victor Gross Pay 1129. 60 5471. 50 16793. 0 54-Plant FIT 84. 80 894. 80 Married Acct. 54 SIT 34. 68 167. 98 515. 57 W/H 4 537-10-3481 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 70. 04 339. 23 1041. 19 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 16. 38 79. 33 243. 50 Salary CIT 44. 39 215. 02 659. 97 Hourly Rate 17. 65 Group Ins. 16. 50 33. 00 177. 80 Reg. Hours 64. 00 Union Dues 8. 00 32. 00 104. 00 O. T.Hours Simple Plan Check Number 7 03 Employee SUTA 1. 02 4. 93 15. 12 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 938. 59 4515. 21 13141. 55 110-FERGUSON, James Claude Gross Pay 2250. 00 9000. 00 32125. 00 53-Sales FIT 49. 62 423. 48 2714. 48 Married Acct. 53 SIT 69. 08 276. 32 986. 26 W/H 5 486-03-8645 Soc.Sec. —OASDI 139. 50 558. 00 1991. 75 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 32. 63 130. 52 465. 83 Salary 2250. 00 CIT 88. 43 353. 72 1262. 53 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 26. 40 52. 80 185. 10 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 500. 00 500. 00 500. 00 Check Number 704 Employee SUTA 2. 03 8. 12 28. 93 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1342. 1 6697. 04 23990. 12 120-FORD, Catherine Louise Gross Pay 900. 00 3600. 00 9900. 00 52-Office FIT 45. 27 181. 08 820. 08 Single Acct. 52 SIT 27. 63 110. 52 303. 93 W/H 2 213-09-4567 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 55. 80 223. 20 613. 80 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 13. 05 52. 20 143. 55 Salary 900. 00 CIT 35. 37 141. 8 389. 07 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 10. 50 21. 00 58. 80 Reg. Hours U nion Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 705 Employee SUTA 0. 81 3. 24 8. 91 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 711. 57 2867. 28 7561. 86 Current Quarterly Yearly 130-MANN, Dewey Wilson Gross Pay 1350. 00 5400. 00 10800. 00 53-Sales FIT 57. 0 188. 84 520. 84 Married Acct. 53 SIT 41. 45 165. 80 331. 58 W/H 0 282-37-9352 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 83. 70 334. 80 669. 60 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 19. 58 78. 32 156. 62 Salary 1350. 00 CIT 53. 06 212. 24 424. 46 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 15. 90 31. 80 63. 30 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 250. 00 250. 00 250. 0 Check Number 706 Employee SUTA 1. 22 4. 88 9. 74 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 827. 69 4133. 32 8373. 86 140-O'NEILL, Joseph Tyler Gross Pay 2307. 69 9230. 76 51923. 03 51-Administrative FIT 70. 38 596. 52 6712. 52 Married Acct. 51 SIT 70. 85 283. 40 1594. 05 W/H 3 897-04-1534 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 143. 08 572. 32 3219. 24 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 33. 46 133. 84 752. 88 Salary 2307. 9 CIT 90. 6 9 362. 76 2040. 57 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 27. 00 54. 00 256. 50 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan 700. 00 700. 00 700. 00 Check Number 707 Employee SUTA 2. 08 8. 32 46. 74 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1170. 15 6519. 60 36600. 53 150-RUSSELL, Virginia Aloise Gross Pay 672. 4 2725. 88 8965. 88 52-Office FIT 11. 60 92. 86 734. 86 Single Acct. 52 SIT 20. 66 83. 68 275. 24 W/H 2 314-21-6337 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 41. 72 169. 00 555. 88 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 9. 76 39. 54 130. 02 Salary 690. 00 CIT 26. 45 107. 14 352. 37 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 8. 10 16. 20 47. 70 Reg. Hours Union Dues O.T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 708 Employee SUTA 0. 61 2. 46 8. 08 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 554. 04 2215. 00 6861. 73 160-RYAN, Norman Allen Gross Pay 1440. 00 5976. 00 20661. 30 54-Plant FIT 7. 27 118. 38 1188. 38 Married Acct. 54 SIT 44. 21 183. 47 634. 1 W/H 4 526-23-1233 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 89. 28 370. 51 1281. 00 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 20. 88 86. 65 299. 59 Salary CIT 56. 59 234. 85 811. 98 Hourly Rate 18. 00 Group Ins. 16. 80 33. 60 197. 30 Reg. Hours 80. 00 Union Dues 8. 00 32. 00 104. 00 O. T. Hours Simple Plan 200. 00 200. 00 200. 00 Check Number 709 Employee SUTA 1. 30 5. 39 18. 1 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 995. 67 4711. 15 15926. 13 Current Quarterly Yearly 170-SOKOWSKI, Thomas James Gross Pay 2050. 00 8200. 00 24850. 00 54-Plant FIT 255. 46 826. 50 2828. 50 Single Acct. 54 SIT 62. 94 251. 76 762. 92 W/H 2 662-04-8832 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 127. 10 508. 40 1540. 70 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 29. 3 118. 92 360. 35 Salary 2050. 00 CIT 80. 57 322. 28 976. 63 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 24. 00 48. 00 142. 50 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 710 Employee SUTA 1. 85 7. 40 22. 39 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 1468. 35 6116. 74 18216. 01 180-STUDENT Gross Pay 540. 00 2160. 0 7710. 00 52-Office FIT 12. 35 49. 40 458. 40 Single Acct. 52 SIT 16. 58 66. 32 236. 70 W/H 1 555-55-5555 Soc. Se c. —OASDI 33. 48 133. 92 478. 02 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 7. 83 31. 32 111. 80 Salary CIT 21. 22 84. 88 303. 00 Hourly Rate 7. 50Group Ins. 6. 30 12. 60 45. 00 Reg. Hours 72. 00Union Dues O.T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number 711 Employee SUTA 0. 49 1. 96 6. 96 Check Date 11/20/– Net Pay 441. 75 1779. 60 6070. 12 190-WILLIAMS, Ruth Virginia Gross Pay 5733. 33 15993. 33 52-Office FIT 738. 24 2344. 24 Single Acct. 52 SIT 176. 02 491. 00 W/H 0 518-30-6741 Soc. Sec. —OASDI 355. 7 991. 59 Pay Periods 26 Medicare—HI 83. 12 231. 89 Salary 1223. 08 CIT 225. 33 628. 55 Hourly Rate Group Ins. 28. 80 88. 20 Reg. Hours Union Dues O. T. Hours Simple Plan Check Number Employee SUTA 5. 16 14. 39 Check Date Net Pay 4121. 19 11203. 47

Celebrity Endorsements

Celebrity Endorsements In the Beauty sector industry, L’Oreal ranks on the top amongst the other brands, and has also undertaken many celebrity endorsements (Wang W.S, 2006). To comprehend the influence of celebrity endorsement on â€Å"L’Oreal Paris† a methodical study is required. This chapter has been divided into two sections, the first begins with a brief description about celebrity endorsements, in addition the previous and the current scenario of celebrity endorsements, whereas the second section talks about the brand L’Oreal, its performance in the industry, the celebrity endorsements it has undergone, furthermore any risks it has faced while endorsing and lastly how has it been influenced by celebrity endorsements   A key challenge that marketing agencies face today to get noticed in the highly competitive market is that of designing an â€Å"advertising execution†. There are many ways through which agencies can secure consumers, amongst them one form is celeb rity endorsement (Robert van Der Veen analysis of celebrity endorsement as an effective destination marketing tool, 2004).The concept of â€Å"celebrity endorsement† has been increasing over the decades and now is a widespread advertising strategy. Celebrity endorsement since ages has been used as an effective source of marketing to promote products and services. (Nathan Klaus, and Ainsworth Anthony Bailey, Celebrity endorsement: an examination of gender and consumer attitudes, American Journal of Business, 2008 vol.23 no.2). At present, one will find almost every advertisement involving a celebrity, these celebrities act as spokespersons so as to advertise and promote products, services and ideas. (Cited in Kambitsis et. al 2002, Rajakaski JJ, Simonsson R.2006). Now Celebrity endorsement is a well established form of advertising strategy, especially in the U.S where approximately twenty percent of all the television commercials present a celebrity or a famous person and in a ddition, approx ten percent of dollars spent on television advertising are consumed in celebrity endorsement. (Cited in advertising age Sherman 1985, Agrawal & Kamakura, 1995). The celebrities when are endorsed for a product they are expected to accomplish a number of objectives such as increasing the brand image, brand name, product creditability, and also the likability of the advertisement.(Brunett et all 1993 cited in Marin 1996). Firms use celebrity endorsement not just for increasing revenues but also its importance lies in the fact that how celebrity endorsement add value to company, brand and product.(Clinton Amos, Gary Holmes, David Strutton, Exploring the relationship between celebrity endorser effect and advertising effectiveness, International Journal of advertising , 27(2), 209-234, world advertising research center) Using celebrities for advertising helps the brand by acquiring better and more attention from the consumers, they add glamour to the product/brand and make it more credible, desirable and trustworthy. (Spielman, 1981 cited in Renton , 2006).According to Friedman and Friedman (1979) â€Å"a celebrity is an individual who is known by the public for his achievements in area other than that of the product class he is endorsing†. Famous people achieve a high degree of attention from the public and media. As a result of their celebrity status they create a positive image of the product they endorse. Murdoch argues that Belch and Belch has written   â€Å"Marketers recognize that people are more likely to be influenced by   a message coming from someone with whom they feel a sense of similarity, and that advertisers recognise the value of using spokes person who are admired: TV and movie stars, athletes, musicians, and other popular figure † (Murdoch, Creativity in advertising).There are a variety of reasons why a firm might go for celebrity endorsement some reasons may be the experiences that the celebrity faced in his l ife may be similar to the message to be conveyed in the advertisement and if you are a fan of the celebrity you might trust them..(Kulkarni and Gaulkar,   2007). Hence, Choosing a celebrity should be done with at most care and importance since it is more than a marketing strategy as it is a decision that has an impact on the prospect of the brand. Choice of celebrity should be on the basis of factors like appeal, popularity, etc.(Naveen Blazey and Shashi Kanth Ganti, Goa institute of management Goa, Impact of celebrity endorsement on overall brand)

Music therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Music therapy - Essay Example Musical therapy is a health profession. It is an interpersonal process where the therapist, who is trained personnel, develops a relationship with his clients using music and all of its facets i.e. physical, emotional, mental, spiritual, and aesthetic aspects, enabling them to improve their health. They use musical experiences such as singing, songwriting, and listening, free improvisation, discussing to music and even moving to music to improve the healing process. The health issues in subject consist of cognitive functioning, emotional and affective development, behavioral and social skills, motor skills and, the quality of life. Music therapists can work in general hospitals, psychiatric facilities, schools, prisons, community centers, universities, and training institutes. Music therapist is in the hospital setup; work hand in hand with the physicians, psychologists, physical therapists and the occupational therapists. Individuals of all ages and those with specific requirements such as the stroke, sensory impairments, communication disorders, cancer, psychiatric disorders, those in palliative care and those in rehabilitation centers (recovering from substance abuse) benefit a lot form music. Apart from the entertainment they get from the music, they also get relaxed, improve their learning, build their self-esteem, reduce stress, support physical exercise and get composed which improves the healing process. Music therapy has its history back in the biblical times when David played the harp to get rid of an evil spirit, which was in King Saul. In 400, B.C, the Greek father of medicine played music to his mental patients. Music therapy began after World War I and II, where musicians would travel to hospitals to play music to soldiers who suffered from war-related trauma. Aristotle himself described music as an energy that purifies the emotions. While music is an art with a strong connection with mathematics, music therapy is an art and a science. Introductio n Music therapy has a strong relationship with play, creativity, use of the whole personality and individual discovery of one self. In fact, Winnicott (2005, p.120) claims that It is in playing and only in playing, which the individual adult or child develops the ability to be creative and utilize the whole personality, and the individual discovers the self only in being creative. Â  This is all that makes music therapy different from other professions. The item one creates should have some value accompanied with it. There exist a relation between personal intelligence and creativity, and every session involves the client in some kind of music experience. The various sessions include improvising, re-creating, composing, and listening to music. In improvising, the client comes up with his/her own music and starts singing whatever arises now.

Examine the view that dividends are irrelevant to rational investors Assignment

Examine the view that dividends are irrelevant to rational investors when considering the value of shares from a theoretical and empirical perspective - Assignment Example Primarily, when firms make enormous profits, the managers can either decide to use it for expansion by investing in new projects or pay it to the shareholders in the form of dividends. The dividend policy usually guides this process. Dividend policy is the set of guidelines or principles that companies adopt to decide the amount of the profits that shareholders are to receive (Miller and Modigliani, 1961). Even though, the business uses these sets of principles to determine the value of the dividend the decision on whether to pay the dividends or not lies in the board’s decision. In fact, when the board of directors declares the dividends to be paid it becomes a debt to the corporation and cannot be recanted or rescinded quickly. Dividends can either be paid on temporary or permanent basis or sometimes it can be paid once or twice a year. Deangelo (1995) argues that, investors are usually interested not only in the stability of this payment but also the level of dividend payment. From this perspective, therefore, the managers should be aware of the impacts of unexpected changes in the dividend payment to the potential investors. Both the existing investors and potential investors are affected by the changes since such uncertainties could alienate them from investing with the organization. According to Bhattacharya (1979), unstable dividend payment aspect may negatively influence the perception of the investor based on the long term company’s performance in the financial markets. Even though, most economists believe that it is the value and stability of payment of dividends that the investors should rely on while making decisions; research ascertains that this is irrelevant and should warrants sidelining. Many from other schools of thought including Miller and Modigliani believe that what the company pays in the form of a dividend is totally

Ethical Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Standards - Essay Example The new code of conduct will act as a guideline for all the employees to follow, when confronted with a dilemma (Roth, 2005). The devised code of conduct will try to cover all the business aspects where any predicament can arise. Thus, code covers the matters of business conduct, marketing and sales practices, business gifts, relationship with colleagues and clients, insider trading, reporting measures and the use fo company or clients’ resources. Therefore, it is very important for every ECG employee to fully understand and abide by the code of conduct. A company’s image is affected by the manner the employees, within and outside the workplace. With ECG’s plan of venturing into international business market, acquiring rival firms and launching an IPO it is essential for the company employees to be on their finest behaviour. This will affect the company’s representation and in turn affect the planned investments (Johnson, 2006). The purpose of developing a code of conduct and policies is to ensure through mutual consent and understanding that these policies are implemented in order to achieve the ultimate target of integrity. The role of all the HODs is very crucial in this regard. The HODs have to become an example for their subordinates. Until the HODs follow these codes of conduct, it is very unlikely for the members of that department to do so. In order to ensure that these policies are adhered to at all times, the HODs should adopt the â€Å"lead by example† approach in this regard (Roth, 2005). The code of conduct clearly specifies the kind of behaviour which is expected from all the employees, irrespective of their stature in the company. Emphasis has been placed on integrity, honesty and trust which should be the foundation of any ethical code. The general business code of conduct lays down the rules for the employees, for the business practices and for the overall business as well. The code of conduct outlines the cul ture of the organization and provides the employees with a framework which will help them in their daily activities. The code also provides the employees with a framework by which they can judge their own behaviour and also learn how to interact with other colleagues and clients. A successful and positive relationship with our clients is essential for the success of ECG. We as a company have been proud of the fact that all out business activities are dealt with honesty, integrity and fairness. Since the relationship with our clients is so vital for our success, care should be taken with the information we provide to our clients, which is always accurate and never misrepresented. Even though client servicing is important, care should be taken when the company is incurring expenses on account of client entertainment or other benefits. These expenses should not exceed a reasonable limit and should always be approved by the finance department. This is made mandatory in order to increase transparency within the system (Lagan & Moran, 2005). Special attention needs to be paid to the marketing and sales department in particular. The marketing department is the department that directly interacts with the consumers. Therefore, the working of the marketing department is a reflection of the company’s image and policies. Documentation of the transactions is an essential part of the code of conduct. Employees are required to document every transaction which takes place between ECG and its clients. This not only makes audit very easy, but also helps

Cloverleaf PLC Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cloverleaf PLC Case Analysis - Essay Example The author has rightly presented that the selling and purchasing process followed by a company plays imperative role in their success in the long run. Nowadays, companies around the world are trying to implement different types of strategies and techniques by which they can increase the overall sales and at the same time can streamline their purchasing process. The company observed that it has great opportunities in the European market as there are more than 1000 organizations that are active in Europe. The company mainly targeted countries such as France, Germany and Benelux countries. Despite, competitive edge over the rivals in terms of technological expertise and better quality, the company failed to get the order of Commercial SA. The company recently opened sales offices in countries such as France, Germany and the Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg). The principal intention of the company behind opening new branches in other parts of Europe was to capitalize on the market opportunities and along with that, driving sales was another motive. The company has not been performing to the desired standard since the last few months. The sales figures of the company also represent the same as the company has only been able to sell three units, which is far below the expectations. Hence, to get rid of the financial debacle and strengthen its financial position, the company has decided to make its presence felt in other parts of the world. According to eminent scholars such as Adler (2010) a company with international business holds the opportunity to increase the overall sales and profitability of the firm. The author also emphasized on the fact that the chances of sales go up because of the greater marketplace. Echoing the same, authors such as Pride & Ferrell (2004) stated that the dependence of a business on the domestic market reduces greatly. Kapil (2011) mentioned that it allows companies to learn new methods and makes them more competent in the global marketplace. Hence, from this discussion and statements of the eminent scholars, it is evident that given the company's superiority in product quality and technology, the decision of the company to expand in other parts of Europe was fully justified (Fournier, 1998). Sales Strategy of Cloverleaf PLC According to Solomon (2008) a company must formulate and implement the most appropriate strategy of marketing and selling. This is because, even if a company manufactures superior products, the same will remain unknown to the customers if not promoted properly. Thus, it is obvious that a company should put in equal efforts in developing a product as well as promoting it. In the context of Cloverleaf

Description and critical evaluation of an historic or contemporary Essay

Description and critical evaluation of an historic or contemporary piece of graphic design from any culture - Essay Example Graphic designs normally appear in the poster realm, website or advertisements (Landa 2013) Further, graphic designs have rightfully been with us through the centuries. In Greek, graphic is taken from the word graphein. In France, graphic is dessiner. In the Italian environment, graphic is disegno. Graphic design relates to drawing. Additionally, graphic includes the sketching process. In Latin, graphic is translated as mark. The Latin word for mark is signum. Planning and expression rightfully form part of the creation of the graphically designed artwork (Barnard 2013). Moreover, inspirational traffic signs, another graphic design area, are correctly used to universally maintain traffic safety. French, Japanese, Chinese and Italian tourists can understand the above traffic road signs. The stop sign message instructs the person to stop. The car driver will stop when the police officer holds up the stop sign. In a building entrance or exit, the stop sign instructs the persons to stop. The person is not allowed to continue entering the premises (Yin 2011). Further, the traffic signs correctly deliver other traffic safety messages. Graphic designers like Bruno Monguzzi use thought provoking designs to attract the design viewers (Poulin 2012). The traffic signs’ messages reduce the number of traffic accidents. The second sign shows the car is allowed to implement a U-turn. In a road reaches a dead end, the U-turn sign instructs the vehicle driver to turn around. The third sign shows the road is narrowing. The vehicle driver is instruc ted to be more careful, possibly slowing down. The fourth sign shows the road is slippery. The vehicle driver is warned that one’s vehicle may be in danger of slipping. Slipping may result to avoidable accidents. Furthermore, the above traffic signs rightfully comply with the two areas of graphic design. The first area focuses on bring a

Hegemony and Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hegemony and Education - Assignment Example Male norms stress values such as autonomy, certain forms of aggression, adventure, courage, toughness of both mind and body etc. Hegemony involves persuasion of the greater part of the population the organization of social institutions and the media in ways that appear â€Å"natural†. Hegemonic masculinity in education involves the application of certain strategies for the subordination of women (Gibbs, 2008). Most universities promote an ideology that fosters the outlook of white middle class males. Through the media, sports in universities have helped uphold a masculine hegemonic order in society (Kian, 2007). In comparison to women’s sports, men’s sports and male athletes are given more coverage. This gives a clear depiction of how masculinity is cherished more than femininity. The education system has therefore institutionalized gender with the aim of constituting people as two significantly different categories, male and female so as to organize social relat ions of inequality on the basis of this difference (Gibb, 2008). The gender system in universities just like race becomes constructed as a distinct organizing principle of social relations to determine how resources are distributed. Thus, cultural beliefs about gender are nothing more than stereotypes. However, the significance of such stereotypes is more significant than we may want to think. For instance, the sex composition of a student-teacher interaction is certain to bring to mind gender beliefs that will determine how students evaluate each others performance and how to enact their individual roles. Biological factors such as high levels of testosterone in men and different genetic make up are thought to affect cognitive abilities of men and women differently. Such biological factors are held to be the cause of difference in educational performance between male and females. Cultural beliefs that male students are supposed to exhibit an interest in traditional masculine subjec ts i.e. physics and past times such as rugby, football, athletics etc. constitute strategies for the construction of hegemonic masculinity in education. Studies have revealed that women outperform men in schools that adopt learning and assessment procedures that are better suited for females than to males. This is based on the difference in behaviors, learning styles and attitudes of male and females thereby requiring implementation of different school and teaching practices in order to succeed. Feminized schools lack adequate number of male teachers to guide boys. Such schools exhibit prejudice towards feminism in curriculum materials, reject competition and luck toughness in discipline. However, hegemonic masculinity may foster highly disruptive, inattentive, and aggressive behavior among males inside and outside the classroom leading to poor educational achievement (Gibb, 2008). Ethical issues arise from hegemonic power processes which occur as subroutines that eventually regulat e daily interactions and work flows in organizations, without any open opposition. The implicit nature of hegemonic processes leads to gradual acceptance of organizational practices some of which may be against the general good of the society. The concealed nature of hegemonic processes condition employees to act according to the rules and social values of everyday life. The employees act upon

Cis 331 discussion wwek 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cis 331 discussion wwek 2 - Essay Example This week I would like you to choose a problem (make it simple) and discuss how you would go through the problem solving process to solve this problem. Be sure to discuss whether you would use convergent or divergent thinking. In the IT world we come up against the outsourcing problem on a regular basis.   For me it happened when we had some network security hardware that was coming to the end of its life and we had to decide whether to replace the existing hardware or to outsource the function that the security hardware was performing.   For us, this was more of a convergent discussion than a divergent discussion.   We could have brainstormed different ways to accomplish the security function that the hardware was providing but we didnt have the resources to implement any of the ideas that would have been discussed.   With that out of the way, we decided to work towards finding a solution. After discussing the problem,  we thought it would really come down to a financial decision of whether or not outsourcing the function was more cost effective than purchasing new hardware.   The first step in the process was to gather the facts.   We got quotes for the new hardware and defined what the resource costs were to implement and maintain that hardware.   Then we obtained a list of vendors that provided outsourcing solutions.   We documented everything that we use the current solution for and identified a list of requirements that would be used to evaluate each vendor.   For those vendors that met the list of requirements, we obtained quotes for what it would cost to outsource the security function. Once we had the tangible costs identified  someone suggested that we then make a list of the intangible costs related to both keeping the security function in house vs. outsourcing.   That is one area that I think sometimes gets overlooked in these types of problem solving initiatives.   Because so much focus is put on hard and fast

Inventory Management System Essay Example for Free

Inventory Management System Essay Government Institutions decided to listen to the people living in North Triangle specifically in Sitio San Roque. Government agency officials handling this matter instructed the leaders of the 14 Organizations to build or create a whereas this can be their source of income in the event that they are going to grantrelocation or In City relocation. The main objective of San Roque Community Council Multi-purpose Cooperative is to provide extra income or even have job opportunity for the members. This is also to promote personal awareness, social development and empowerment of self-reliance that they would be able to provide stability for each family. When San Roque Community Council-North Triangle Alliance started the Multi-purpose Cooperative they had many struggles on how they are going to manage it efficiently and effectively. The main problem here is they are using manual encoding to record their members transactions, monthly report 3 and loans transactions. The reason behind this is many of them don’t have enough knowledge to navigate or use computer as their main tool. As mentioned earlier, they are using manual encoding as the main procedure to record all important details in their everyday activities or transactions. There are advantages and disadvantages on this type of routine, but in regards to positive side, only few can still be used like you will have a hard copy of all data of your members but in 21st century, this is no longer advised. As we all know computer is already a necessity and definitely it will make our work faster and easier. Multi-purpose cooperative composed of two types of business: Credit Cooperative and Consumers Cooperative. Transaction 1. Loans and payments 2. Cash flows (accruals and expenses) 3. Daily/weekly/monthly/ annual reports (incurred interest, profit and loss)updates 4. Membership process Only members of San Roque Community Council-North Triangle Alliance are qualified to become part of San Roque Community Council Multipurpose Cooperative. They should fill out the registration form and submit the necessary 4 equirements for identification. Let the authorize person validate it then after verification, pay the registration fee of 100 pesos. The member should contribute suggested or approved amount as their share or investment for the paid up capital. If the member successfully meet all the requirements needed and finished the registration process that’s the time the member is qualified for cash loan application and other privileges. Loan Process The member can apply for a cash loan b ased on the amount that he or she contributed. It has three (3) types of interests that will be incurred on the particular amount that was approved to release. Member can pay the borrowed money for a month that has 3% interest, for the 2 months installment basis, it has 4% interest, and lastly for 3 month pay it has 6% interest. It depends on the member which type of installment plan they would want to choose. This whole procedure is quite simple but if you look on the specific details it is very sensitive because it talks about money and activities are consist of small detail. 5 Theoretical Framework This project is based in the Framework of (IPO) Input, Process, and Output, this framework is proven many times, the (IPO) Input, Process, and Output is used in the process of inputting a data or information going to the process of manipulating the data and after all the processes it produce an output, relying to the inputs, for example: the input of the steel, aluminum, tires and other things related to the parts of a bicycle it will go to the process of assembling all the parts of the bicycle and soon the output is a new bicycle. The (IPO) Input, Process, and Output are helpful to our study, because the flow of our system rely to the inputs of data’s or information from the members and their needs to the Cooperative. 6 Conceptual Framework Figure 2. Shows the conceptual framework of the proposed system Conceptual Paradigm On the basis of the fore going theories culled from the review of related literature and studies, the researches paradigm that serves as guide to the study is the system’s approach or Input- Process-Output model device by Stoner, Freeman and Gilbert, Jr. 1995). According to this model, a system has flows information, materials, and energy that enter the system from the environment as inputs, undergo transformation processes within the system. And exit the system as outputs. A feedback is installed and is considered as the key to system controls. As information of the system proceeds, information is feedback to the appropriate people and perhaps to a computer, so that the work c an be assessed and if, necessary, corrected. As shown in the paradigm, the input variable includes the registration and consumers of the San Roque Community Council with the respect to the total number of their respective consumers. In the input variable registration, there includes the information of consumers and loan, the reason why loan is at the registration variable, is because of detecting the data about the consumers and total loans that they apply. Another input variable is the consumers, in consumers data there is from the grocery wherein all the data from the grocery are being monitored in the information if who are the members that are active in the grocery in consumers, it includes product and services that are done by the consumers in the grocery. Statement of Objectives The following are the objectives that serve as a guide in the completion of this thesis. Main Objective The Main Objective of this study is to develop a successful LAN based system that can be used by the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative for their successful Monitoring system: Consumers cooperative Point of Sales (POS) System and Money Lending System. Specific Objectives 8 1. To develop sales monitoring system and money lending system that will utilize all the transactions of the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative. 2. To design a system that will make the San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative more sufficient in their daily transactions such as: Registration, monitoring and inventory of sales, and cash loan and payment. 3. To evaluate a system that will increase its performance in terms of: a) Speed– all transaction is ease to access and less time consuming. b) Reliability – it is reliable because of its function like updates. c) Accuracy –Calculate the loans for the member, including the interest and penalties if necessary. To input correctly all the data of the member, for their loans, payments and credits. ) Security – A secured files of information of the members and their loans and also backup for necessary. e) Functionality – reliable software for the reports. f) Performance – the transactions such as registration, checking and validating of transactions, updates of weekly, monthly, and annual reports will increase its working performa nce. Scope and Delimitations of the Study Scope 9 1. The system covers daily transactions regarding the membership registration and monitors active and non-active members. 2. It is also intended for the manipulation and security of the loan transactions of the members. Delimitations . This system will not include the impact of organizational commitment on member’s performance. 2. This study is limited only to the output that the respondent from San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative that provide such as data and information that will come from the interview questionnaires distributed, as well as the information from the literatures that will be cited and reviews. Significance of the Study The development of San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative Sales Monitoring and Money Lending System can be linked with many significant results for those who are involved. A. San Roque Community Council Multi-Purpose Cooperative It could provide the Multi-Purpose Cooperative with an easy to maintain and access system. 10 B. Staff This will basically give convenience. It will provide outmost importance to the staffs since it will definitely lessen their workloads by providing them with easier encoding and maintenance procedures. C. Members It will provide secured information of each of the member’s transaction. D. System Developers The study can particularly help the proponents with a way to apply what they have learned in class and be able to extend their knowledge to the real world outside. With this, they can acquire additional insights that would enhance their skills and capabilities, which could be their stepping- stone to attain success in the future. E. Proponents – The study will help the proponents to improve their skills that will help them in the near future. Definition of Terms Cooperative- is an autonomous association of persons who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual social, economic, and cultural benefit. It is owned and managed by the people who use its services. Co-Maker Person  who, with other individual(s),  guarantees  a  financial commitment  (such as repayment of a  loan). He or she is  jointly and 11 severally liable, with other signatories (co-maker), for honoring the commitment in full. It is also called as co-guarantor. Local Area Network (LAN) – is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Money Lending the act or occupation of lending  money  at interest Monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system. Point of Sale – is the physical location at which goods are sold to customers. It is more specific than the general building or store where something is sold, typically indicating the piece of technology which is used to finalize the transaction. Relocation is the movement of a large group of people from one region to another by state policy or international authority, most frequently on the basis of ethnicity or religion. Savings – the portion of disposable income not spent on consumption of consumer goods but accumulated or invested directly in capital. 12 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Introduction This chapter presents the different review of related literature and studies that the proponents used as a tool for them to fully understand the study. Foreign and Local Literature Foreign Literature Local Area Network Connection Local Area Network (LAN) consists of two or more personal computers or workstations, usually in a common office area, physically linked together by a common file server, (W. J. Kerr, 2009). Advantages and Disadvantages of Loan System Advantages Below are the advantages of getting a loan. These are also the reasons why many apply for it: 1. There is a loan for just about anything. If you are in need of money to purchase a house, you can apply for a housing loan. If you need a car, you can apply for a car loan. With all the loans available, you will be able to purchase everything you 13 eed. 2. It helps a person afford an expensive purchase. All of us wish to acquire a property. However, we do not have the amount of money to make the purchase. Loans allow us to do this. They lend us the money so that we can finally afford our desired property. 3. Payment is staggered, which makes it affordable. This enables the person to pay off the loan gradually. If a person has chosen a good deal, h e should be able to finish paying off the loan in the time specified. 4. One gets the funding he needs. If a person wants to start a business, he can do so by applying for a business loan. He does not have to wait for his savings to build up before he can start his own business. They can also use the amount they loan for investment purposes. Getting a loan is very helpful to start building your dream. However, you have to be very careful with your decisions. This is because of the problems you will possibly encounter if you mismanage your loans and other debts. If you have multiple loans, make sure to manage it well. Make sure that you manage your loans from the start. Keep in mind that loans have disadvantages too. Disadvantages Here are some of the disadvantages of having loans: 1. It is a long-term debt. This means that you have to deal with it for a 14 specified period, which means that you have to commit yourself to making monthly payments specified in your agreement for the period indicated to repay the loans. 2. If you miss payments, you will face serious consequences. You can face foreclosure or repossession of the property. â€Å"Manifesto for agile software development† Scott M. Lewandowski (March 2009) Monitoring Monitoring plays a vital role in determining sustainable information gathered, the developments, and strategy for the efficient overall management of the resource. Particularly, monitoring refers to examining business process and supervising transaction events inside a company. The main goal of doing this monitoring is to be able to prevent the system from being unavailable to the users and to quickly resolve problems as they arise. (Winberg, 2007). Local literature Computerized System to Business Technology plays a vital role in the business world. It provides the tools and functions on which almost all companies throughout the world run. With the advent of new technologies, the common use of computers and the boom of 15 he internet, practically all business activities use some form of technology. It can be said that without technology, many businesses would no longer be able to function. (Robinson, 2011) Visual Basic. NET â€Å"Visual Basic is not only a programming language, but it also has a complete graphical development environment. It has the ability to develop programs that can be used as a front end application to a database system, a nd serving as the user and displays formatted output in an attractive format†. (Wircken, 2008) All of . NET is truly revolutionary and gives programmers a much more capable, efficient and flexible way to write computer software. Visual Basic. NET is a key part of this revolution. (Mabbut, 2010) Microsoft SQL Server 2005 SQL Server 2005 has ability to partition tables and indexes have always been a design to improve performance and manageability in larger database. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 has adopted the database programming model hosting by the Microsoft. NET Framework 2. 0 Common Language Runtime (CLR). Net. CLR hosted inside SQL Server to improve performance, security, and reliability. (Sturo, 2007) Foreign and Local Studies 16 Foreign Studies Computers contribute to the productivity and efficiency to its user because it can run program that can surpass a manual system of operation. They also stated that computer are now playing big role not only in the office of big business enterprises but firms of smaller scale have already adopted to the modern changers there machine bring about. (Alberto et. Al, 2008) Computerization of business transaction is prevalent around the world. It has proven that is better to use than the manual system in improving routines and better turnaround of the method of processing transactions. The larger a business company becomes, the more it deals with many responsibilities and work that their employees could not entertain or serve properly the client. Using the manual system because time consuming, less efficiency to both management staff and client. (Cardinezet. Al, 2007) Barcode Scanner A barcode scanner is simply a graphical representation of data (numbers and or letters) the width of the black lines and white spacing is intentionally produced to represent the underlying data, (Wickes, 2009). Local Studies Monitoring System 17 Monitoring is important to production, by increasing individual performance and providing security for the company’s personal record. Monitoring is one of the major components of the company that it serves as a tool for controllership. It is therefore essential that we must know the meaning of monitoring, (R. Dela Cruz and A. M. Sia, 2010). â€Å"Computerized monitoring system is feasible in preparing fast speed and accurate in generating reports. It is economically feasible; that in a certain time, development cost will be outdone bythe profit that will derive from its application†, (A. Yu and Hojilla 2010). Computer Networks A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communication channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with otherusers. A computer networks allows sharing or resources and information among devices connected to the network. Computer networks can be used for several purposes: facilitating communications, sharing hardware, sharing files, data and sharing software (J. Wales, 2010). Network Based Application Application in which either the program you are using or the data you are working with or both reside on a network. Network applications use a client-server architecture, where the client and server are programmed to provide some 18 service to the client. The client is typically a desktop, laptop or portable device like on Apple iPhone. The server can be any of these, but is typically a computer in a data center (L. Press, 2009). Synthesis As the researchers studied the past researches and studies, they found some information that will help in developing their study. According to